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Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) is prevalent, frequently recurs, and may progress to muscle-invasive disease1-8

NMIBC DEVELOPS in the epithelium or mucosa and can progress to the subepithelial connective tissue or lamina propria2

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References:

  1. Grabe-Heyne K, Henne C, Mariappan P, Geiges G, Pöhlmann J, Pollock RF. Intermediate and high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: an overview of epidemiology, burden, and unmet needs. Front Oncol. 2023;13:1170124. doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1170124

  2. Knowles MA, Hurst CD. Molecular biology of bladder cancer: new insights into pathogenesis and clinical diversity. Nat Rev Cancer. 2015;15(1):25-41.

  3. Kanmalar M, Abdul Sani SF, Kamri NINB, et al. Raman spectroscopy biochemical characterisation of bladder cancer cisplatin resistance regulated by FDFT1: a review. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2022;27(1):9. doi:10.1186/s11658-022-00307-x

  4. Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Oosterlinck W, et al. Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur Urol. 2006;49(3):466-477. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2005.12.031

  5. Fernandez-Gomez J, Madero R, Solsona E, et al. Predicting nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer recurrence and progression in patients treated with Bacillus Calmette–Guerin: the CUETO scoring model. J Urol. 2009;182(5):2195-2203. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2009.07.016

  6. Cambier S, Sylvester RJ, Collette L, et al. EORTC nomograms and risk groups for predicting recurrence, progression, and disease-specific and overall survival in non–muscle-invasive stage Ta-T1 urothelial bladder cancer patients treated with 1-3 years of maintenance Bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Eur Urol. 2016;69(1):60-69. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.045

  7. Martin-Doyle W, Leow JJ, Orsola A, Chang SL, Bellmunt J. Improving selection criteria for early cystectomy in high-grade T1 bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of 15,215 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(6):643-650. doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.57.6967 

  8. Kamat AM, Hahn NM, Efstathiou JA, et al. Bladder cancer. Lancet. 2016;388(10061):2796-2810. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30512-8

  9. Gontero P, Sylvester R, Pisano F, et al. Prognostic factors and risk groups in T1G3 non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients initially treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: results of a retrospective multicenter study of 2451 patients. Eur Urol. 2015;67(1):74-82. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2014.06.040

  10. Ślusarczyk A, Zapala P, Zapala L, Borkowski T, Radziszewski P. Cancer-specific survival of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a population-based analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2023;30:7892-7902. doi:10.1245/s10434-023-14051-9